Mission Uttar Pradesh: BJP is targeting Dalit votes with BSP’s cultural strategy

The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), founded by Kanshi Ram, once commanded a vast Dalit base across India, above all in Uttar Pradesh (UP). That base carried it to power in Lucknow. Mayawati, its leader, has been chief minister four times, and in 2007 she won the Assembly election outright, emerging as the single dominant force in UP politics.

Over the last few elections, however, BSP’s vote share has declined steadily and the party has suffered heavy defeats. It now faces the most critical moment in its history, with no representation in either Lok Sabha or the UP Assembly.

Kanshi Ram’s strategic vision had stitched together a broad Bahujan social coalition: Dalits, non-Yadav Other Backward Classes , the lower strata of Muslims and, later, Brahmins. Gradually, each of these groups grew disillusioned, and many deserted the party.

Dalits, who make up roughly 21.6 per cent of UP’s population, were its core vote for decades. Among them, the Jatavs, Pasis, Koris, Sonkars, Valmikis and others became the strongest pillars of support. Kanshi Ram and Mayawati mobilised these communities through three strategies: first, a sense of dignity, by giving prominence to their identity, history, icons and heroes; second, an aspiration to a rightful share in development and politics; and third, a dream of a better future. Together, they delivered a huge Dalit vote to BSP.

After 2012, though, the party’s electoral base visibly fragmented. BSP lost the Assembly election that year and today has no seat in Lok Sabha or the state Assembly, with the party’s sole MLA, Umashankar Singh, dying on August 5, 2026. Field studies suggest that, among Dalits, the party has retained its base among the Jatavs, although a section of them, too, has deserted it for various reasons.

Dalit voters, then, stand at a political crossroads. Where once they had a single party, they now seek multiple choices. The most notable shift is towards the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and for two reasons.

First, the welfare schemes led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, the Garib Kalyan Yojanas, have drawn Dalit and other marginalised communities to BJP. Second, the cultural politics through which BSP once mobilised Dalits has been largely appropriated by BJP strategists and reinvented. Its central plank was the forging of identity and the enhancement of dignity by celebrating Dalit cultures, histories and heroes and by honouring their saints, gurus and icons. Mayawati repeatedly said that one of the Bahujan regime’s chief achievements was the respect it accorded to these figures.

BJP appears to be reinventing the same strategy with the coming Assembly election in view. Mayawati renamed Bhadohi as Sant Ravidas Nagar during an earlier tenure in 1997, honouring the revered saint worshipped widely among Dalits, especially Jatavs. Akhilesh Yadav restored the old name in 2014 after the Samajwadi Party (SP) took power in 2012. In July, Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath declared that the district would again be Sant Ravidas Nagar Bhadohi, winning goodwill among Dalits, most of whom in rural UP follow the Ravidas tradition.

Adityanath has also announced grand celebrations for Valmiki’s birth anniversary. Sweepers and the Valmiki community, a major section of Dalits, claim descent from Maharshi Valmiki. Concentrated in towns and cities, they have produced an educated political class, and goodwill towards BJP appears to be growing among them.

BJP, thus, is courting Dalits and marginalised groups through symbolic and substantive means. Cultural strategies BSP pioneered decades ago are now being deployed by BJP, alongside the economic benefits of its welfare schemes. Taken together, the two approaches may well draw Dalit voters towards BJP in the 2027 UP Assembly election.

(Badri Narayan is vice chancellor, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai and the author of Republic of Hindutva)